HOLY LAND IN MAPS

Heinrich Bunting, German, 15461606. The Whole World in a Clover Leaf. Woodcut, 1581. Gift of Tamar and Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Heinrich Bunting, German, 1546–1606. The Whole World in a Clover Leaf. Woodcut, 1581. Gift of Tamar and Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.   THE HISTORY OF THE MAPPING OF THE HOLY LAND EPITOMIZES THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY. EVINCING THE LONGEST UNBROKEN SEQUENCE OF MAPPING IN THE WORLD, THE HOLY LAND HAS BEEN THE FOCUS OF INTENSE INTEREST FOR COUNTLESS GENERATIONS OF CARTOGRAPHERS UNDER ITS VARIOUS NAMES-CANAAN, THE PROMISED LAND, PALESTINE, OR TERRA SANCTA. TWO PRINCIPAL CARTOGRAPHIC TRADITIONS DOMINATE THIS FASCINATING HISTORY: THE RELIGIOUS, BASED ON THE BIBLE AND ITS EXEGESES; AND THE CLASSICAL, BASED ON PTOLEMY'S WORK, WHICH LAID THE FOUNDATIONS FOR MODERN CARTOGRAPHY.   Frans Hogenberg, Flemish, 15351590. Map of Jerusalem, the Holy City. Hand-colored etching, 330 418mm. From Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, Cologne, 1575. Gift of Karl and Li Handler, Vienna. Frans Hogenberg, Flemish, 1535–1590. Map of Jerusalem, the Holy City. Hand-colored etching, 330 × 418mm. From Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, Cologne, 1575. Gift of Karl and Li Handler, Vienna. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Ilan Sztulman.     Mizrach (East)Ornamental plaque to be hung on an eastern wall in ones house, orienting people toward Jerusalem. Illustrated with a map of the Land of Israel and the holy cities and sites. Colored lithograph on paper, Jerusalem, 1914.Ornamental plaque to be hung on an eastern wall in ones house, orienting people toward Jerusalem. Illustrated with a map of the Land of Israel and the holy cities and sites. Colored lithograph on paper, Jerusalem, 1914.") Mizrach (East)—Ornamental plaque to be hung on an eastern wall in one's house, orienting people toward Jerusalem. Illustrated with a map of the Land of Israel and the holy cities and sites. Colored lithograph on paper, Jerusalem, 1914. Collection of Isaac Einhorn, Tel Aviv.     Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Dutch, 15711638. Terra Sancta quae in Sacris Terra Promissionis olim Palestina (The Holy Land known in the Scriptures as the Promised Land, former Palestine), after Jodocus Hondius Jr., after Jodocus Hondius Jr.") Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Dutch, 1571–1638. Terra Sancta quae in Sacris Terra Promissionis olim Palestina (The Holy Land known in the Scriptures as the Promised Land, former Palestine), after Jodocus Hondius Jr., Dutch, after Laicstain-Schrott, Hand-colored engraving, 1629, 386 × 503 mm. From Le theatre du monde ou nouvel atlas, 1640. Gift of Karl and Li Handler, Vienna. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Ilan Sztulman.     Abraham Bar Jacob, German, 17th century. Map of the Holy Land: The route of the Exodus. Hand colored engraving by Moses Wiesel, 262 480mm. From Haggadah shel Pessah (Passover Haggadah), Amsterdam, 1695. Gift of Dr. Silberstein, Geneva., Amsterdam, 1695. Gift of Dr. Silberstein, Geneva.") Abraham Bar Jacob, German, 17th century. Map of the Holy Land: The route of the Exodus. Hand colored engraving by Moses Wiesel, 262 × 480mm. From Haggadah shel Pessah (Passover Haggadah), Amsterdam, 1695. Gift of Dr. Silberstein, Geneva. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © Israel Museum/Ilan Sztulman.   Anonymous artist. Drawing of the Madaba mosaic map, c. 1900, a mosaic depiction of the Holy Land set in the floor of a Byzantine church in the Jordanian town of Madaba. Ink, gouache, and watercolor on paper, 90 137.5 cm. Gift of Prof. Anonymous artist. Drawing of the Madaba mosaic map, c. 1900, a mosaic depiction of the Holy Land set in the floor of a Byzantine church in the Jordanian town of Madaba. Ink, gouache, and watercolor on paper, 90 × 137.5 cm. Gift of Prof. Harold A. Layer, San Francisco, through American Friends of the Israel Museum. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Avshalom Avital.     Petrus Plancius, Flemish, 15521622. Geography of the Exodus, adaptation by D.R.M. Mathes. Hand-colored engraving, c. 1600, from a Dutch Bible. Collection of Isaac Einhorn, Tel Aviv. Petrus Plancius, Flemish, 1552–1622. Geography of the Exodus, adaptation by D.R.M. Mathes. Hand-colored engraving, c. 1600, from a Dutch Bible. Collection of Isaac Einhorn, Tel Aviv.     Crusaders map of Jerusalem, including the Sacred Sites and the Temple of Solomon. From Robert the Monks Historia Iherosolimitana (History of the First Crusade), ca. 1099. Gianni Dagli OrtiCorbis., ca. 1099. Gianni Dagli OrtiCorbis.") Crusader's map of Jerusalem, including the Sacred Sites and the Temple of Solomon. From Robert the Monk's Historia Iherosolimitana (History of the First Crusade), ca. 1099. © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis.     Gerard de Jode, Flemish, 15091591, after Tilemannus Stella, German, 15251589. Terrae Sanctae, quae Promissionis terra (Description of the Holy Land, or the Promised Land)..") Gerard de Jode, Flemish, 1509–1591, after Tilemannus Stella, German, 1525–1589. Terrae Sanctae, quae Promissionis terra… (Description of the Holy Land, or the Promised Land…). Hand-colored etching by Johannes and Lucas Doetechum, 1578, 307 × 513mm. From Gerard de Jode, Speculam orbis terrae, edited by the author's son, Cornelis de Jode, Antwerp, 1593. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Ilan Sztulman.   Christian van Adrichom, Dutch, 15331585. Situs Terrae Promissionis SS Bibliorum intelligentiam exacte aperiens (The disposition of the Promised Land precisely clarifies biblical writings). Hand colored engraving, c.. Hand colored engraving, c.") Christian van Adrichom, Dutch, 1533–1585. Situs Terrae Promissionis SS Bibliorum intelligentiam exacte aperiens (The disposition of the Promised Land precisely clarifies biblical writings). Hand colored engraving, c. 1585, 354 × 1010 mm. From Christian van Adrichom, Theatrum Terrae Sanctae et Biblicarum Historiarum, Cologne, Officina Birkmanica, 1590. Gift of Adam Mekler in honor of Ariel Gabriella Mekler. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Ilan Sztulman.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 14 MEL–NAS FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. Cengage, Burst Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems – without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department <address> Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 </address> Permissions Hotline: [phone] or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: [phone] or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopaedia Judaica / Fred Skolnik, editor-in-chief; Michael Berenbaum, executive editor. — 2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v.1. Aa-Alp. ISBN 0-02-865928-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865929-5 (vol. 1 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865930-9 (vol. 2 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865931-7 (vol. 3 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865932-5 (vol. 4 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865933-3 (vol. 5 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865934-1 (vol. 6 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865935-X (vol. 7 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865936-8 (vol. 8 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865937-6 (vol. 9 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865938-4 (vol. 10 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865939-2 (vol. 11 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865940-6 (vol. 12 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865941-4 (vol. 13 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865942-2 (vol. 14 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865943-0 (vol. 15: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865944-9 (vol. 16: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865945-7 (vol. 17: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865946-5 (vol. 18: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865948-1 (vol. 20: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865949-X (vol. 21: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22: alk. paper) 1\. Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries MEL–NAS 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 793 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 794 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 800 • Transliteration Rules 813 Glossary 816 MELAMED, EZRA ZION MELAMED, EZRA ZION (1903–1994), Israel talmudic scholar and philologist. Born in Shiraz, Persia, Melamed was taken to Palestine by his father, R.R. Melamed , when he was two. He worked at the Ministry of Education (1952–56), and was appointed professor of Bible at the Hebrew University (1964) and of Talmud at Bar Ilan (1961) and at Tel Aviv (1964) universities. He was elected to the Hebrew Language Academy in 1956 and to the Higher Archaeological Council in 1963. He was awarded the Israel Prize in 1987 for Torah literature and commentary on the sources. Melamed's major works are in the fields of talmudic literature: Midreshei Halakhah shel ha-Tanna'im be-Talmud Bavli (1943), in which he collected beraitot in the Babylonian Talmud based on verses from the Pentateuch, and Ha-Yaḥas she-Bein Midreshei Halakhah la-Mishnah ve-la-Tosefta ("Relations Between Halakhic Midrashim and Mishnah and Tosefta," 1967). Two related works were published posthumously: Midreshei Halakhah shel ha-Tanna'im be-Talmud Yerushalmi (2001) and Midreshei Halakhah shel ha-Amoraim be-Talmud Yerushalmi (2004). Melamed devoted much labor to editing the scientific legacy of his teacher jacob nahum epstein , including Mekhilta de-Rabbi Simeon bar Yoḥai (1955), Mevo'ot le-Sifrut ha-Tanna'im (1957), Mevo'ot le-Sifrut ha-Amora'im (1962), and Dikduk Aramit Bavlit (1960). He also edited B. de Vries' Meḥkarim be-Sifrut ha-Talmud (1968). He composed a special work in which he summarized the most significant achievements of modern Talmud scholarship: Pirkei Mavo le-Sifrut ha-Talmud (1973). He prepared textbooks and popular works, including Pirkei Minhag ve-Halakhah ("Chapters of Custom and Halakhah," 1955), and Parashiyyot me-Aggadot ha-Tanna'im ("Chapters of Tannaitic Aggadot," 1955). Among his other writings are Tafsir Tehillim bi-Leshon Yehudei Paras ("Psalms in Judeo-Persian," 1968), Millon Arami-Ivri le-Talmud Bavli le-Mathilim ("Aramaic-Hebrew Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud for Beginners," 1969), and a comprehensive glossary to the entire Babylonian Talmud (Millon Arami-Ivri shel ha-Talmud ha-Bavli, 1992), as   well as articles in scientific journals. Of special significance is his edition of Eusebius' geographical work Onomastikon, which he translated from the original (1938). Because of his involvement with the Persian and other Oriental communities (whom he served as honorary rabbi) and his familiarity with their traditions of custom and language, Melamed served as an important source on such community traditions. (Menahem Zevi Kaddari / Stephen G. Wald (2nd ed.)